tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-53886088279266998652024-03-05T20:49:29.744+11:00Northern Rivers GeologyA view of the geology of the Northern Rivers of New England, New South Wales. Includes thoughts on the formation of the regions volcanoes (Mount Warning, Ebor and others), groundwater, the Clarence Moreton Basin, recent sedimentation, gas (including coal seam gas), mineralization in the eastern part of the southern New England Orogen and more.
What is the geological influence in the Northern Rivers and New England areas of Australia that provide us with the beauty and diversity we see today?Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.comBlogger188125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-55952667596356217912023-12-04T20:39:00.004+11:002023-12-04T20:46:32.374+11:00Yes, science is never settled<p> Just a quick post to point out an interesting paper from a MDPI Journal on atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature. This article only came out in September and is very "controversial". I first heard about this idea about 15 years ago. Several academics though that the geological record seemed to demonstrate this but were not sure about the current situation. Alas, they also said they were too afraid to pursue this idea as it would take too much effort to defend.</p><p>The controversial bit can be summed up by this sentence in the abstract:</p><p></p><blockquote><i>All evidence resulting from the analyses suggests a unidirectional, potentially causal link with T as the cause and [CO2] as the effect.</i></blockquote><p></p><p><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/5/3/35#metrics">Sci | Free Full-Text | On Hens, Eggs, Temperatures and CO2: Causal Links in Earth&rsquo;s Atmosphere (mdpi.com)</a></p><p>*Koutsoyiannis, D; Onof, C; Kundzewicz, Z. (2023) On Hens, Eggs, Temperatures and CO2: Causal Links in Earth's Atmosphere. Sci<br /></p>Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-79423500934471069842022-12-09T20:16:00.000+11:002022-12-09T20:16:07.735+11:00OzGeographics<p>Just a quick post to draw attention to a great YouTuber... and to keep a post or two going to show that this blog is still active (just). The YouTube channel is OzGeographics and can be found here <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@OzGeographics">OzGeographics - YouTube</a>. However, I need to draw attention to a really good video which outlines a lot of the geological history of the northeast of this state, this video I found really interesting because it also shows just how potentially devastating the volcanism in our region was. Super-volcano after super-volcano apparently formed much of the New England and Northern Tablelands areas.</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPH6EwIPZPg&t=810s">The Chain of Super Volcanoes That Caused The Worst Mass Extinction on Earth - YouTube</a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPH6EwIPZPg&t=810s"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nPH6EwIPZPg" width="540" youtube-src-id="nPH6EwIPZPg"></iframe></a></div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPH6EwIPZPg&t=810s"><br /></a><p></p>Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-4215723715863990912022-03-16T15:05:00.005+11:002022-03-16T15:20:59.020+11:00Climate Change, Cloud-seeding, Floods, and Volcanic Mayhem<p>The Earth’s dynamics are complex and interrelated. For example, the chemical composition of magma below volcanoes in Indonesia has historically been linked to crop failures in Europe! This example from the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815, where it is thought that temperatures caused the “the Year without a summer”. Meronen et al (2012) demonstrated that the gasses (such as sulphur dioxide) released from volcanic eruptions will have severe impacts on weather systems. These weather impacts include temperature but are also likely to cause other impacts either directly or indirectly, particularly precipitation resulting in major floods, particularly in Europe (Fagan 2000); though elsewhere there were flooding events that are apparently correlated. These floods often caused catastrophic damage.</p><p>Recently, of course, many many people have been affected in some way by, in some places, the worst floods recorded since, well, records have been documented in Australia. I've seen a few explanations of the "why" including the following three main ones:</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>On social media I’ve seen the flooding attributed to the practice of “cloud seeding”, </p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I’ve also seen in the broader media the flooding attributed solely to anthropogenic climate change.</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Bureau of Meterology lies the blame squarely on La Nina.</p><p>I’ll address all of the above and raise a hypothesis which is different, but in some way related to all of them.</p><p>Cloud seeding (introducing chemicals or particles into the atmosphere to encourage water droplets to form or increase in size) is sometimes recognised a as mechanism to increase the chance of rainfall. It is worth noting though, that statistically it is very difficult to prove that cloud seeding does much at all. The technique (if it can be called that), is applied mainly at dry times on the ground but when there is moderate atmospheric water content. Cloud seeding was tested in South East Queensland during the desperately bad drought from 2006 (Tessendorf et al 2012), though it was not possible to determine if clouds were formed due to the seeding material, or simply due to natural updrafts of air (one of the ways that clouds are formed naturally). I can find no record that cloud seeding took place in eastern Australia preceding the weather event, but it is worth noting that the volume/mass of seeding material needed would rule out seeding as causing the huge scale of rainfall.</p><p>The second reason I outlined above, is anthropogenic climate change. It is unfortunate that this has been attributed as a cause by many public figures and organisations, because it is impossible to attribute a single weather event to a climatic situation. Climate is a statistical representation of longer-term weather patterns and so one weather event does not demonstrate the climate, or a climate change. I will also note that if climate change was a factor in this weather event it is different from observed extreme weather events in Australia, where over the last several decades the incidence and frequency of storms and floods has decreased. Even models of storm frequency shows a decrease in frequency and a higher rate of break up of storms before impacting on the Australian landmass due to anthropogenic climate change (e.g. Abbs 2012). So, I have trouble pinning this flood event on anthropogenic climate change, or even natural climate change.</p><p>The third reason outlined seems to be the most likely of the three listed, and indeed I cannot argue with it much, except to potentially add a geological factor. Yes, you guessed it, volcanic eruptions. On the 15th of January this year, there was an extreme eruption of the Hunga Tonga –Hunga Ha'apai volcano. On facebook I re-posted a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoMRwyNhqJ4" target="_blank">video</a>, that demonstrated the scale of the eruption. The immediate particulates and aerosols (including sulphur dioxide) generated by the eruption past through the atmosphere across northern Queensland in the next several days. This material continued to circulate in various levels in the atmosphere over the subsequent weeks. So, a hypothesis is that if you combine the increased air moisture as a result of Coral Sea water temperature during this El Nina weather pattern we are in, combined with the blocking high pressure system in southern Australia (a common Australian summer climatic feature), with the natural effect of a huge volume of natural “cloud seeding” sourced from the volcanic eruption, this may have resulted in the extreme rainfall in eastern Australia. This would reflect the historical impacts on weather and floods resulting from volcanic events elsewhere in the world over recorded history, and reasonable enough that I think it worth considering.</p><p>Of course, speculation as to the “why” does not help those who have been so adversely affected (even killed) during the floods, but having some idea as to “why” can help us plan for future weather events. As a former Lismore resident, my thoughts go out to those in Lismore as well as those further up and down the coastal strip who are still living through the damage of the floods.</p><p>For some old posts on how volcanic eruptions from the Tonga area can affect the beaches of our coastline click here: </p><p><a href="http://nrgeology.blogspot.com/2013/07/pacific-islands-on-holiday-to-north.html">Pacific Islands on Holiday to the North Coast</a></p><p><a href="http://nrgeology.blogspot.com/2019/09/tonga-comes-to-visit-again.htm">Tonga Comes to Visit Again</a></p><p><u>References/bibliography</u>:</p><p>*Abbs, D. (2012). The impact of climate change on the climatology of tropical cyclones in the Australia region. CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship Working paper No.11.</p><p>*Fagan, B (2000) The little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300-1850, Basic Books, New York.</p><p>*Meronen, H. et al (2012) Climate effects of northern hemisphere volcanic eruptions in an Earth System Model, Atmospheric Research, pp107-118.</p><p>*Tessendorf, S.A. et al (2012) The Queensland Cloud Seeding Research Program, American Meteorological Society, vol 93: issue 1.</p><div><br /></div>Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com4Hunga Tonga, Tonga-20.57 -175.38-28.613280126382708 175.8309375 -12.526719873617292 -166.5909375tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-62521609567773751742021-05-26T16:05:00.008+10:002021-07-03T16:07:09.797+10:00Appealing to Authority<p>I have previously provided some opinion posts (such as this <a href="http://nrgeology.blogspot.com/2016/05/science-philosophy-and-politics.html" target="_blank">one</a>) which I take some digs at the state of scientific research at university level in the world today. However, only recently, and potentially ironically, I want to draw attention to a paper was published on 21 May in Science Advances by two researchers from the university of California (Serra-Garcia & Gneezy 2021). This paper is one which I think appears to prove through robust statistical methods that the process of science research dissemination is badly broken.</p>If I were to paraphrase Serra-Garcia & Gneezy (2021) it is that the most cited articles in the most ‘reputable’ journals turn out to be false. This seems to apply more to the most ‘reputable’ journals such as Nature, Science and the like as these journals tend to publish more ‘groundbreaking’ research articles. Alas, the research that ends up disproving these 'groundbreaking' research articles are boring, so they not published in the ‘reputable’ journals.<br /><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dNMUWecBlAo/YK3mWPiHa2I/AAAAAAAABYI/koQLNlpmNBs3pLc_FVMPDUwbXdXuJPvTgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Experienced.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="381" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dNMUWecBlAo/YK3mWPiHa2I/AAAAAAAABYI/koQLNlpmNBs3pLc_FVMPDUwbXdXuJPvTgCLcBGAsYHQ/w238-h400/Experienced.jpg" width="238" /></a><br /><br />Even worse, Serra-Garcia & Gneezy (2021) have shown that between 40%-62% of studies published in the journals Nature and Science have never been successfully replicated.<br /><p style="text-align: left;">The end result is that falsified work is more accessible and more cited than the paper that debunks the original research. Serra-Garcia & Gneezy (2021) show that even after research published in a prestigious journal are proved wrong, the level of citation that still gets positively referred to by other researches to back up their research incredibly frequently occurs 300 times more often than the debunking papers. Specifically, the article states shows that non-replicable publications are cited even more after the replication study is published, and persistence of the citation is not explained by negative citations.</p><p>In my mind this demonstrates that falsified science can become the accepted science and an enormous amount of further research is built upon this falsified science; or even that false papers are cited more often than good ones.</p><p>Universities measure success of their academics and their papers by the number of citations they have received and by the impact factor of the journal (Nature and Science have some of the biggest impact factors). Therefore, it is possible that this is creating a result that the worst researchers (often the most ‘progressive’) are cited and rewarded the most by their universities and funding bodies. Whereas, good science and good researches are relegated… I wonder if you still can judge a paper by the number of citations it has, but counter-intuitively, the more citations the more likely the paper is wrong!</p><p>In summary, keep on questioning. Don’t trust research just because an ‘expert in the field’ wrote it or because it is published in a ‘reputable’ or ‘prestigious’ journal. </p><p>Note: I use the word reputable to actually mean headline-grabbing.</p><p>The paper is available in full <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/21/eabd1705" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><div><br /></div>Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-75426420190437228072021-03-29T21:34:00.002+11:002021-03-29T21:34:19.639+11:00Why is coal rare at the beginning of the Triassic? and other questions.<p>I'm still around!</p><p>I came across this very good, but long video on the Permian-Triassic boundary (which is defined by a massive extinction event).</p><p>What jumped out to me was the lack of coal early in the Triassic. Interestingly, in the Northern Rivers the first major coal measures don't occur for many millions of years into the Middle Triassic. Those are the Nymboida Coal Measures.</p><p>But there is a lot interesting here so it is a recommended video.</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6wTgso7yzw">The Great Dying with sound - YouTube</a></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="362" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h6wTgso7yzw" width="479" youtube-src-id="h6wTgso7yzw"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p>Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-89744358099657394482019-09-01T13:54:00.001+10:002019-09-01T15:34:12.706+10:00Tonga comes to visit... again?The effects of Tongan undersea volcanic eruptions are not the first thing you'd think of when enjoying the summer weather on a sandy beach at Kingscliff, Byron Bay or Port Macquarie. But 6 years ago, in 2013 there was a direct reminder of a volcanic eruption of the the undersea volcano the Havre Seamount. This reminder was pumice rock washed ashore from an eruption which took place about 6 months previously. You can read more about it on the <a href="http://nrgeology.blogspot.com/2013/07/pacific-islands-on-holiday-to-north.html" target="_blank">blog post I wrote at the time</a>. It looks likely a very similar thing is going to occur in the next few months.<br />
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In mid August this year (2019) it was observed that a massive 'raft' of pumice rock was floating west of Tonga. A small island called Fonualei showed evidence of recent activity, with steam and fresh pumice in the area. The extent however of the eruption went unnoticed until a sailing boat sailed through a huge pumice raft. ABC News has a <a href="http://www.google.com.au/amp/amp.abc.net.au/article/11444020" target="_blank">great video</a> of what sailing through the raft looked like.<br />
Photographs from passenger aircraft and also some satellite pictures have shown that the size of the eruption must have been huge. The Island of Fonualei was active but clearly not the main location of the eruption. We'd all be very aware of the eruption if it was Fonualei erupting the volume of rock obvious from the satellite. A formal but short report on the eruption by the Smithsonian Institute can be found <a href="https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20190814-243091" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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Given that the prevailing currents and winds will direct this pumice onto the coast of Australia it is something to look out for. Biologically it is interesting too. Fresh pumice washed up on the shore can transport various sea creatures. This is because pumice makes a great home given its porosity.<br />
Not much more to add, except a prediction. I don't know how good it will be but I guess that come mid summer we will see pumice from Tonga washing up on the beaches of NSW and Queensland.Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-69342672947420561002019-08-22T16:33:00.003+10:002019-08-22T16:45:33.740+10:00Bottled Tweed Shire Spring Water - The Biffo!<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="direction: ltr;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">I’ve</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">
been meaning to address the ‘bottled spring water' discussions that
have been going on for quite some time in the Northern Rivers. I gu</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ess better late than never is OK</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">.
The recent request by Tweed Shire Council for comment on their draft
planning proposal made me think it was worth putting some ideas up now.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> This is not a very technical post, more of a bureaucratic process one.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> Note it does not include surface water issues which are legally very simil</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ar
and tied up with groundwater, it also does not consider the other
issues such as road damage from haulage of water, construction of water
supply pipelines </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">etc</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">). To be very clear... this is also tagged as an opinion post. It contains my personal views and opinions on the matter - they can be very different from yours! Feel free to let me know what your opinion is in the comments section below.</span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSihA-MGy1Nq1ozyhkAG_hRPhTBGaHPpZa7I-m3Bl6kz1BAVgj-c1bJtKgJ7kOtl5vipYACfj39DRi-vFF3XVzzTb51izUbicEobslOERQs6_gJ0PCYXLW7BTpZVFKwsE7O29Xc1FmJJg/s1600/P1020055.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSihA-MGy1Nq1ozyhkAG_hRPhTBGaHPpZa7I-m3Bl6kz1BAVgj-c1bJtKgJ7kOtl5vipYACfj39DRi-vFF3XVzzTb51izUbicEobslOERQs6_gJ0PCYXLW7BTpZVFKwsE7O29Xc1FmJJg/s320/P1020055.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Can't find a relevant photo... so this will do!</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">To give some background, groundwater in the Tweed Valley is derived from two main aquifer types,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">either deep fractured rocks of the </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">(administratively called the New England Fold Belt Coast Groundwater Source)</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">, or shallow groundwater systems of the sediments of recent alluvium</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> (Such as the Tweed Alluvium Water Source)</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">.
I understand that most (or is it all?) of the groundwater that is
extracted in the Tweed Valley that ends up in water bottles is from the </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">deeper groundwater source</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Tweed Council is proposing to prohibit new water bottling facilities in rural zoned areas of the shire. One of the reasons </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">overly simplistically </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">outlined for this proposal </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">by the Tweed Daily News </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">is </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">that </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">“there is not enough data on groundwater resources to fully understand the environmental impacts of the industry”.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">The Planning proposal document also says “…</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">there was a perception that wa</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ter belongs to the community and </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">should not be used for private profit</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">”</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">This raised my eyebrow.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Access to groundwater in NSW is controlled by the state government. This is in two forms:</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="SCXW49489995 BCX2">
<div class="ListContainerWrapper SCXW49489995 BCX2">
<ol class="NumberListStyle1 SCXW49489995 BCX2" role="list" start="1">
<li aria-setsize="-1" class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="" data-leveltext="%1." data-listid="1" role="listitem" style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-size: 11pt; margin-left: 24px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">1. The actual well or borehole that is to extract water is licenced by the state.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">When and individual wants to install a bore a water supply works approval application must be made to </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="SpellingError SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">WaterNSW</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">. Staff experienced in groundwater (including hydrogeologists) assess the application against plans</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> (Water Sharing Plans)</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> that have been developed to protect the environment from badly extracted water, including too much extracted water</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> over periods of time, the possible impact on neighbouring groundwater bores and groundwater dependent ecosystems</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">. </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="ListContainerWrapper SCXW49489995 BCX2">
<ol class="NumberListStyle1 SCXW49489995 BCX2" role="list" start="2">
<li aria-setsize="-1" class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-font="" data-leveltext="%1." data-listid="1" role="listitem" style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-size: 11pt; margin-left: 24px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">2.Water is owned by people and companies. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">The
water itself when not used for basic landholder rights (e.g. stock and
domestic) is licenced by the state and capped based on the water source</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> (Water Sharing Plans)</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">. There is no automatic community right to any water unless it is basic rights water – which the </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Water Sharing Plans</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> prohibit from being adversely affected.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX2 SCXW49489995" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">If
an individual wants to extract water that is not for basic landholder
rights they must buy water from some other producer in the water source.
This means that the amount of water extracted cannot be increased. The
plans that are in place also place a limit on how much water for
different uses can be extracted from a source. I think the category of
water in the case of bottling water would be </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Industrial U</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">se. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">The limits on water have been set by hydrogeologists and state planners and are outlined in the Water Sharing Plans.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Slight differences</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> to the above process are where a development is classed as state significant development</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">, these are assessed in an even more detailed way (and by another organisation –</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> the new</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">
Natural Resources Access Regulator). However, even in this case the
extraction rules in the Water Sharing Plans cannot be ignored.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX2 SCXW49489995" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">In addition, the NSW Chief Scientist is due to release its final report on the impact of the water bottling industry</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> on the North Coast</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> Being a state government review conducted by hydrogeologists </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">this
review has the potential to be the most useful for decision making and
can directly feed into modifying the Water Sharing Plans or other
licencing processes if there is shown to be a deficiency.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Given that water is managed by the state government I was </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">surprised</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> to see that </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">there is an expectation by some that Tweed Council should </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">seek to manage water using local planning instruments. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">It
is interesting that if a bottling plant is proposed in a rural area in
the Tweed it requires Council consent now, and concurrence from other
environmental agencies.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">
In fact local government is legally required to refer such matters on
to the appropriate state government department for these matters.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">I’m
not saying this is the wrong way to manage water it is just, in my
view, a very novel and creative way given the state has ultimate
authority over water resources. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">How can a local government place rules that stop new water bottling plants to be constructed</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> but ca</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">nnot stop water that is legally owed by someone and allowed to be used </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">for that purpose </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">under state rules</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">? </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">I </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">guess
this is one way you can… but a very cumbersome and possibly unnecessary
way? If there is an expectation that the community owns the water,
should the community actually be buying the water? I don’t fully know, a</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">s always I have more questions than answers!</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="Paragraph SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Anyway, the draft proposal in on public exhibition until the 17</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-fontsize="11" style="background-color: inherit; vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> of September 2019. Go to </span></span><a class="Hyperlink SCXW49489995 BCX2" href="http://www.yoursdaytweed.com.au/waterbottling" rel="noreferrer" style="color: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span class="TextRun Underlined SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-AU" style="color: #0563c1; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px; text-decoration: underline;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">www.yoursdaytweed.com.au/waterbottling</span></span></a><span class="TextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW49489995 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> for more information or to make a submission.</span></span></span><span class="EOP SCXW49489995 BCX2" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="font-family: "calibri" , "calibri_msfontservice" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></div>
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Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-12814566820623475022018-12-21T15:33:00.003+11:002022-12-09T20:44:27.503+11:00Faulty Gold - The Enmore Goldfields<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">I was undertaking a project on a private property near
Enmore, south of Armidale last weekend. This gave me the opportunity to visit
some abandoned mine sites and have a look at the country. The property I was on
consisted of two stratigraphic units, the Girrakool Beds and the Enmore
Monzogranite. The area I was most interested in was the boundary between the
two units. Where I was the boundary is defined by a fault known as the Borah
Fault. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fault zone is quite easily
observed through topographic and drainage features, but also there has
historically been some gold extraction from some locations along this fault
including two mines that I got to visit (Buffalo Ranche Mine and Sherwood Mine).
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These mines make up part of the area
sometimes referred to as the Enmore-Melrose Goldfield.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SORIT5dqeeI/XBxsfUste8I/AAAAAAAABMk/qn5jZlP5-Rk-heWDvfTNZYETabm4aansQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_0099.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SORIT5dqeeI/XBxsfUste8I/AAAAAAAABMk/qn5jZlP5-Rk-heWDvfTNZYETabm4aansQCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_0099.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old mining equipment Sherwood Mine</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The regional geological mapping identifies that the north of
the Sherwood Fault are blocks of the Girrakool Beds. This geological unit is
dominated by mudstone (slate) and greywacke (lithic sandstones) with rare chert
and basalt (Gilligan et al 1986) and is sometimes considered of Permian age (e.g.
Binns 1966, Leitch 1974) but is more likely Carboniferous Gilligan et al 1986).
It appears to me that the Girrakool Beds in the Enmore area have not been
studied extensively but other areas well to the North east of Armidale have
been much more studied because in that area they have undergone extensive and
complex metamorphism. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">South of the Borah Fault, as well as some fault bound blocks
to the north of it is the Enmore Monzogranite. The Enmore Monzogranite is a
name given to a biotite monzogranite of S-Type derivation (from melted
sedimentary rocks) commonly with a foliation (preferred direction of mineral
alignment). The quartz in the unit is usually of a blue colour and there is occasionally
amphibole. garnet and even some graphite present in some places too. It
commonly contains xenoliths. The Enmore Monzogranite has been classified as
part of the Hillgrove Supersuite. As far as I can find, the Enmore Monzogranite
has not been dated accurately and therefore only has an inferred age of
Carboniferous or Permian.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_iAfxkgUGJioi95k4YIMYj0i14rswtCl_fy7ZdNMVNZiqqv8dOS8KwsC1cvtEbeXPTZqCt13exCUlaNSKTAonMXyAvQjt-Uwc8AUMkxHx6UAsq5dYBoS52lgxEtL-EojPGJnmrCKSv8/s1600/IMG_0098.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_iAfxkgUGJioi95k4YIMYj0i14rswtCl_fy7ZdNMVNZiqqv8dOS8KwsC1cvtEbeXPTZqCt13exCUlaNSKTAonMXyAvQjt-Uwc8AUMkxHx6UAsq5dYBoS52lgxEtL-EojPGJnmrCKSv8/s400/IMG_0098.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Remnants of the old Sherwood Mine</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Borah fault can be traced for quite some distance
because the faulting has affected the rocks (which area now called mylonite,
breccia and fault gauge). The shearing stresses caused by movement along the
fault has recrystalised some of the rock and broken up other areas. Because of
this action the affected rocks have been weakened and are more susceptible to
erosion. This means that over time creeks have preferred to flow along the
fault strike. For example one creek, Postmans Gully flows along the fault
towards the north-east and another, Borah Creek flows along the same fault in
the opposite direction (towards the south-west).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Some old mining equipment still remains at Sherwood Mine,
with the remnants of a steam engine apparently manufactured about 1878 still
visible. Historical mining records (Henley 1985) show that approximately 7.9kg of
gold was extracted in 1893 then in the period up to 1937 a further 2.6kg was produced.
Follow up exploration was carried out from time to time, particularly in the
1970’s to 1990’s but no significant economic concentrations of gold were
identified. I note that the geology superficially appears similar to the nearby
Hillgrove mines area but on further inspection it appears that all of the
substantial mineral deposits lie in a thin zone around and along the fault
line. The mineral deposits are also of a quite different chemical make up with
low concentrations of Antimony, which distinguishes it from the major
mineralisation events that formed many of the Gold-Antimony deposits from the
nearby Hillgrove Gold Field. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">As mentioned, the most significant gold occurrences in the
Enmore-Melrose Goldfield are located on, or adjacent to the Borah Fault (and
nearby Sherwood Fault). This indicates the faults are likely to be a structural
control on the gold mineralisation.</span></div>
Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com4130 Sherwood Rd, Enmore NSW 2350, Australia-30.75235703980454 151.82049149077602-30.75477753980454 151.81598549077603 -30.749936539804541 151.824997490776tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-53287544181974704352018-06-11T14:02:00.000+10:002018-06-21T10:09:43.986+10:00The NSW/QLD border geological mess and other matters - Talk at Binna BurraThis year marks the 85th birthday of the Binna Burra Wilderness Lodge in Southern Queensland. As part of the 85th celebrations the lodge has invited many people to give talks at the lodge between the 20th and 24th of June. There are many interesting science and nature talks open to the public on these days and two of the talks will have a geological theme. The Lodge is situated on the northern side of the Tweed volcano and the
landscape and ecology of the area is intimately connected with the
geological history of the area. <br />
<br />
I will be giving a talk on the evolution of our understanding of the Tweed Volcano over the years and how politics can affect how we scientifically look at our part of the world. My talk will be on Friday 22nd June at 9.30am. On Sunday 24th, Warwick Willmott will be giving a more geology overview walk and talk including discussions on how the Tweed Volcano and Hawaiian Volcanoes have many similar characteristics.<br />
<br />
UPDATE: Due to personal matters I have had to <b>cancel my talk</b>. The Talk by Warwick Willmott on Sunday is unaffected. <br />
<br />
The details of my talk are as follows:<br />
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<b>Talk title:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our understanding of the Tweed Volcano: A Learning,
Unlearning, Forgetful and Confused Experience.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Abstract:</b></div>
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The landscape of the NSW/QLD Border (Lamington and Tweed
areas) being the result of a single volcanic centre, has been recognised
formally for less time than the establishment of Binna Burra Lodge (only 70
years). Since this first realisation, many researchers have added to
understanding of how the landscape has evolved. However, sometimes even in our
modern and scientific world new knowledge can get lost, be ignored, or repeat
old myths. This talk will cover some of the evolution of our understanding of
the Tweed Shield Volcano and examine some of the persistent ‘popular science’
myths of this landscape.</div>
<br />
<br />
For details of events being held at Binna Burra Wilderness Lodge you can visit their facebook page:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/pg/binnaburra/events/?ref=page_internal">https://www.facebook.com/pg/binnaburra/events/?ref=page_internal</a><br />
<br />Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-62311811418591452802018-05-26T18:12:00.001+10:002018-05-26T18:12:41.033+10:00Blog Update #12Firstly, I need to apologize to all the commenters who have not had their comments published. The old regular visitor crowd will have noticed the blog has become fairly inactive over the last few months. Given the number of comments placed and the continuing interest (including an invitation to speak just this morning) I should really do a lot more... and I will.<br />
<br />
I have recently had a few interesting journeys which included work near Nymboida on a new quarry and also visited an old quarry with some really interesting fossils. I've also noticed some interesting rock alteration in a road cutting on the way to Valla and I've been spending some time at a friends place near Glencoe at a place called Mount Mitchell. All of these are worth blog posts and I shall try and get to them at a rate of at least one a fortnight.<br />
<br />
Thanks to everyone continuing to support this page. Please feel free to continue to comment but if you have something specific please feel free to email or phone me. My details are on this page: https://nrgeology.blogspot.com.au/p/hees.htmlRodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-7519621771133473232018-01-25T11:36:00.003+11:002018-01-25T17:39:20.388+11:00Nambucca Heads earthquakes follow upYesterday, following the rare experience of a noticeable earthquake in our region, I provided a very rough map of the location of earthquakes in preceding 24hours to the one many people felt. I have since incorporated earthquakes since and for the week before. I've also increased the area we are looking at.<br />
<br />
Mapping is all about enough data, and enough decent data. Collecting the data is essential and then looking at it so see whether it adds to the story helps us understand the world in which we live. Geoscience Australia provide an excellent online service to the public showing all the earthquake activity in our Country. <a href="https://nrgeology.blogspot.com.au/2018/01/yes-i-felt-that-earthquake-too.html" target="_blank">Yesterday's post</a> had enough data to demonstrate that there appears to be little relationship between inferred or known faults in the region and the location of earthquakes. More data since means more interesting features!<br />
<br />
A comment from a reader asked about the trace of the Demon fault system (a system that is very evident even today despite it being apparently inactive for many millions of years). I have included a thick pale blue line that roughly approximates the Demon Fault system strike.<br />
<br />
The map I have just updated implies that there is a fault system
previously unknown. I have included a line that approximates the pattern
of many quakes in area. What is interesting is that the apparent line of most quakes is perpendicular to the old Demon Fault. It is also interesting that the 'major' 4.2 quake is separate from the apparent line of quakes experienced in the last week or so. It is likely that the quakes in the Nambucca area are a parallel line of stress to the most frequent quake trend.<br />
<br />
Either way, the map says more that I can so have a look and tell me what you think.<br />
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*Update: At least three more quakes have been identified (one occurred since the above map) and another couple which was subsequently identified after cleaning out the background 'noise.<br />
<br />
I also note that the quakes were almost entirely situated in a structural block known as the Nambucca Block. I guess another post will have to be done since the Nambucca Block provides insights into the way the New England Orogen has formed (Shaanan, Rosenbaum & Ranauld 2016).<br />
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<br />Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-73787627103530455272018-01-24T15:07:00.002+11:002018-01-24T15:19:53.742+11:00Yes, I felt that Earthquake tooEarthquakes are a bit infrequent in our part of the world. So, when one is big enough to feel happens there is usually much excitement.<br />
<br />
While in my home office a few hours ago (1.30pm this afternoon) I felt a strange sensation and the roof of my studio shook. About 1 minute later, my wife came up from the house and asked if I had felt something, because the house shook for a moment. So, onto trusty <a href="http://www.ga.gov.au/earthquakes/recentQuakes.do?when=1&where=1&which=false&x=31&y=9#/" target="_blank">Geoscience Australia Earthquakes page</a> I went. Sure enough a substantial (by our standards) quake hit somewhere under the ground near Urunga.<br />
<br />
I've put together a quick map which shows all the mapped major faults in the area (noting that most of them are actually inferred). I have overlain the last 24hrs worth of quakes to see if there is a correlation. There appears to be very little if any. But that is unsurprising given most faults have probably been inactive for millions of years. But I suppose interesting anyway. Note that the data had not been double checked by Geoscience Australia when I put this together.*<br />
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*Since posting the above, the earthquake epicentre has been updated to near Nambucca Heads the hypocentre being approximately 10km below Nambucca Heads.<br />
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<br />Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-48830071577749632262017-10-27T12:31:00.004+11:002017-10-27T12:32:03.302+11:00SEPON development post IISocial and Economic Pressure on Nature (SEPON) is fun! I'm enjoying the development of this index which will hopefully provide a guide to the pressure and utilisation of natural resources in just about any geographic area in Australia. In my introductory post I outlined some of the concepts that I would be adopting. This post is, however, mainly just an update and examples on some of the output of the SEPON model and a note on a couple of model tweaks.<br />
<br />
First the tweaks. At very high resource pressures the model 'gave up'. There was little ability to differentiate at these high pressures. Essentially, the model could not determine whether a very high pressure was different from a moderately pressure. I've introduced a tweak in the index to slightly better resolve the higher end of the natural resource pressures essentially giving the model the ability to differentiate between 'Moderate', 'High' and 'Very High'. Interestingly, this change seems to have affected rural SEPON index values more than cities, pushing some scores up, especially due to the effect of transport pressures. For example Byron Shire Council which already had a relatively poor score of -9 actually turned out to be a -13. Walcha Shire Council had its value of 6 reduced to 2 (remember a ore positive value indicates an increased likelyhood that people are using natural resources of the area in a sustainable way and vice versa). What is a surprise is that people that live in Byron Shire Council and Sydney City now have equal scores. My gut feeling is that the effect of transport (D5) is too highly weighted in the model... I'll have to go through the assumptions again and double check. There might be another tweak needed.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qzt_fRWoeR0/WfKGDhDhm8I/AAAAAAAABKc/YMrOIf9whqIbEemtUYp3yssJndLJfag8QCLcBGAs/s1600/Example3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="161" data-original-width="793" height="128" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qzt_fRWoeR0/WfKGDhDhm8I/AAAAAAAABKc/YMrOIf9whqIbEemtUYp3yssJndLJfag8QCLcBGAs/s640/Example3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Expanded Local Government area SEPON Index Values without NRU concept applied</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Where matters!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
An example I'd like to show is the difference in scores in two areas Armidale Regional Council and the Armidale ABS Statistical Area (SA2). The example on the right serves to demonstrate that the Armidale ABS statistical area has an apparently overall adverse pressure on natural resources, however, the whole local government area is apparently sustainable. I.e. The manner that people use natural resources in the rest of the LGA effectively 'subsidise' the Armidale ABS Statistical Area. This seems a fairly reasonable observation especially relating to the pressure on land resources (D1). Note that this model was run before aforementioned tweak was made for high pressures.<br />
<br />
Also, I wanted to show what happens when I start applying preliminary aspects of the Natural Resource Utilisation (NRU) concept to the Armidale Regional Council and Armidale ABS Statistical Area. Unfortunately the selection of these regions is not necessarily very good with regard to illustrating NRU, a more built up area such as Sydney might illustrate the concept better. Essentially the scores were unchanged for those two areas... I think that the adjusted SEPON index value including NRU for Byron and Sydney LGAs might be a good one to run through. I speculate that this will make Byron LGA better than Sydney. but that will be a future post. <br />
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Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-67461408433855258862017-10-07T20:26:00.001+11:002017-10-07T20:26:53.478+11:00SEPON development post ISocio-Economic Pressure on Nature (SEPON) is an index under development
to provide a semi-quantitative method to estimate the likelihood an
individual in a given location is having a negative or positive impact
on Earth resources.<br />
<br />
The present draft version of SEPON provides an index value of between
-40 and +40. If a geographic area has a value of 0 a person living in
that geographic area is 'likely' to have little impact on the long term
environmental condition of the area. The higher positive number
indicates an increased likelihood that a person living in that
geographic area will have a net sustainability. Conversely a strongly
negative value means that the impact of a person living in that area
cannot be sustained overall by that geographic area (i.e. the
'footprint' of all the people living in that geographical area extends
beyond the areas geographical boundaries).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ozp7dQnpdQA/Wdh_aL2tQhI/AAAAAAAABKI/xGzAal6GLFkH_6SWo9D8Jrro8fpsNFXYQCLcBGAs/s1600/Example1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="289" height="176" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ozp7dQnpdQA/Wdh_aL2tQhI/AAAAAAAABKI/xGzAal6GLFkH_6SWo9D8Jrro8fpsNFXYQCLcBGAs/s320/Example1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Example output from SEPON for selected local governments.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The index uses various attributes from numerous sources that can be
applied to specific geographic <br />
areas. SEPON can be applied to small
(e.g. suburban scale) or large areas (e.g. states) where consistent data
is available across those areas. The draft index datasets is presently
very NSW centric and includes Roads & Maritime Services vehicle
data, Australian Bureau of Statistics population and dwelling data,
Human Services negative income and long term transfer payment data,
Office of Environment and Heritage landuse data and more.<br />
<br />
The example provided shows the very minimalist output at this stage. The final line with the bold numbers is the SEPON index value. The example areas are local government areas and I think that they are somewhat intuitive when you consider the base information fed into SEPON. People in the Sydney City Council geographical area appear to generally have a footprint a fair bit greater than the actual geographical area. In other words Sydney City Council requires more natural resources to sustain it than it actually could ever sustain within its geographical area. The main reason for this is the arable land required to sustain the population and the nature of housing the population. Sydney City Council appears to be a net 'consumer' of natural resources.<br />
<br />
Compare Sydney City to the Walcha Shire Council area. A lightly populated area in the New England tablelands, Walcha overall appears to be a net 'supplier' of natural resources. However, some factors such as transport generally has a relatively substantial negative natural resource impact and therefore the area doesn't have a very high positive value. Compare this with Byron Shire, which although predominately rural in nature has a very high demand of natural resources.<br />
<br />
Surprisingly, and maybe anomalously, Fairfield Council has a near neutral SEPON index value. This seems to be particularly due to the manner in which transport is used, the manner in which the population is housed. I will need to return to the index to undertake some qualitative analysis to determine if this is reasonable or not for this local government area.<br />
<br />
Let me know what you think in the comments section below.Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-1835983373774264832017-10-07T13:13:00.003+11:002017-10-07T13:13:51.263+11:00Earth & Environmental Science services<br />
As mentioned in my blog post from July, I have gone into the business world as a sole-trader. I'm pleased to be able to sampling and assessment services for people who require assistance with soil, water or waste management. This includes contaminated land investigations through to agronomic soil sampling for crop productivity. This blog post is entirely self serving, to let people know about my business.<br />
<br />
<b><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis">Primary services and products</span></b>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G99AO-Q4OMI/Wdg3qSj6f7I/AAAAAAAABJ4/7fMT941E-o8-3Kt_v0XQ_8gryinloNOpwCLcBGAs/s1600/Rocky%2BRiver%2B2014%2B%252813%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G99AO-Q4OMI/Wdg3qSj6f7I/AAAAAAAABJ4/7fMT941E-o8-3Kt_v0XQ_8gryinloNOpwCLcBGAs/s320/Rocky%2BRiver%2B2014%2B%252813%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">knowledge of the environmental road ahead for your business</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Soil, geological and vegetation mapping</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Geological mapping and interpretation</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Soil sampling and analysis services</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Testing of water sources for potable, stock and
irrigation use</li>
<li>Farm planning and farm mapping</li>
<li>Agronomic soil information for pasture and cropping
productivity </li>
<li>Groundwater source planning</li>
<li>Project management </li>
<li>Acid sulfate soils </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis">Secondary services and products</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Miscellaneous mapping and GIS exercises</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Petrographic services</li>
<li>
Genealogical research</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Direct weed control</li>
<li>Groundwater modelling </li>
</ul>
For more information including an advertising flier please refer to my <a href="https://nrgeology.blogspot.com.au/p/hees.html" target="_blank">business page</a>.<br />
<br />
Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-42078850181354057652017-08-30T11:32:00.001+10:002017-08-30T11:32:42.204+10:00The Big Scrub Rainforest: A Journey through time<span style="font-family: inherit;">This years Byron Writers Festival saw the release of several interesting looking books and I was excited to be part of one of those books. I have written the chapter about the geological history of the Big Scrub for the book <i>The Big Scrub Rainforest: A Journey Through Time</i>. The quality of the publication is excellent with wonderful artwork and interesting articles. The natural history of the region is covered in detail as well as some of the indigenous and recent cultural history. Contributing authors range from me to Rob Kooyman (Ecologist), Bob Brown (Environmentalist) and many many others.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The book has been a labour of love for the editor <a href="http://greenfieldscreative.com.au/" target="_blank">Shannon Greenfields</a>, <a href="http://www.bigscrubrainforest.org/big_scrub_book_hot_off_the_press/" target="_blank">The Big Scrub Landcare Group</a>, Rous County Council, <a href="https://brookfarm.com.au/the-big-scrub-rainforest-book/" target="_blank">Brookfarm</a> and many others. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7NC5JWINwMGwu-eNuuqpBYUjTR8pO_y2pD8Nvmwyu_CjtRi95reFWh2-0Vu_pC9WkQT566PyQeAaN1YuWZN2ui19GuWSIlmiswHcoSuCTuShmRZrwaJw15aK4bCEEwrrnhcV0XcChEpg/s1600/TheBigScrubRainforest_BookPicture.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7NC5JWINwMGwu-eNuuqpBYUjTR8pO_y2pD8Nvmwyu_CjtRi95reFWh2-0Vu_pC9WkQT566PyQeAaN1YuWZN2ui19GuWSIlmiswHcoSuCTuShmRZrwaJw15aK4bCEEwrrnhcV0XcChEpg/s1600/TheBigScrubRainforest_BookPicture.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">If you are interested in the book it can be obtained from the following locations:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Brunswick, Lismore or Byron Visitor Information Centre</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nimbin or Lismore Environment Centres</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mary Ryan’s Bookshop Byron Bay</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mullumbimby Bookshop</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Book Warehouse, Lismore. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">***Phone Orders – please contact The Book Warehouse Lismore to place your order (they will post them to you) 02 6210 4204.***</span>Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-80360786136862598412017-07-16T13:07:00.003+10:002017-07-16T13:09:31.943+10:00Rockvale Arsenic mine<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rockvale Monzogranite and my toes for scale</td></tr>
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<![endif]-->It has been a long time since I wrote a blog post. Life has got in the way with a unexpected sorrow in the death of my little lady. It has been a year of change and that includes work and new ventures. Now, I begin the journey of working for myself. In saying that, if you have any work that might interest me I’d love to chat to you about it. I don’t have a web page at this stage, but I have my contact details on this page. Already, I have had the opportunity to work in the North Coast again, renewing old and making new contacts. I am still based in the New England area and as always it is an adventure to explore the land and environment. <br />
<br />
The first post I want to do is one about an arsenic mine I visited near Armidale. When I visited the Rockvale Arsenic Mine it was quite evident that the site has contaminated the soil. The most widespread contaminant in the region is antimony metal which when mined (along with gold) in the Hillgrove district and was discharged in large volumes into the Macleay River catchment. This antimony continues to be dissolved in water flowing from the old Hillgrove and other abandoned areas. However, further upstream from Hillgrove, in the Wollomombi River catchment from is Rockvale which has a similar geological history.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nEOZxX8ItAY/WWrX237rDNI/AAAAAAAABIo/33nLA5klrRoMG7JJpPxnYWyJHFYcVwrUACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_0772.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nEOZxX8ItAY/WWrX237rDNI/AAAAAAAABIo/33nLA5klrRoMG7JJpPxnYWyJHFYcVwrUACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_0772.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rockvale Arsenic mine</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uieD0TOHrG4/WWrX1yw14wI/AAAAAAAABIk/D-2bKEI14EETcEq5sTMtWCAD3q7EvC_7wCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_0760.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uieD0TOHrG4/WWrX1yw14wI/AAAAAAAABIk/D-2bKEI14EETcEq5sTMtWCAD3q7EvC_7wCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_0760.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Possible evidence of contaminated soil transport (gully erosion)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Rockvale is named for its rocks! Granite types that cover a very large area. The rock unit is called the Rockvale Monzogranite of the Hillgrove Supersuite. It was formerly known as the Rockvale Adamellite, in the old nomenclature. According to Kent (1994) the Rockvale Monzogranite consists of 20 individual plutons all intruded during the Carboniferous (at approximately 303Ma). The surrounding rock into which it intruded and metamorphosed the Girrakool Beds. The metamorphic effects are quite significant and extend for quite some distance from the Rockvale Monzogranite. Interestingly, there are many hydrothermal mineral deposits in the Rockvale Monzogranite and adjacent metamorphic rocks, yet the mineral deposits were formed 50Ma later (approximately 250Ma). This situation is similar to the nearby Hillgrove mines which although spatially appear to be directly related to the Hillgrove Monzogranite but are actually later concentrations of hydrothermal minerals.<br />
<br />
The number of old mines is the Rockvale area is quite significant. Some have been rehabilitated, some badly rehabilitated and others still discharge metal contaminants into the receiving environment. The Rockvale Arsenic mine is a good example, it appears to be the northern most of several mineral deposits that occur along a line a couple of kilometres long, possibly terminating at the Ruby Silver Mine. The main mineral mined from the hillgrove arsenic mine was arsenopyrite, though other less common arsenic minerals were also part of the ore. The arsenic was 'roasted' to drive of volatile elements and concentrate the ore.<br />
<br />
The legacy of historical operations can be seen from the photograph which shows extensive bare areas and gully erosion due to the metal toxicity and acid mine waste from oxidised pyrite, arsenopyrite and other sulfide minerals. So, although the metal contamination from downstream Hillgrove is well known, a baseline study will obviously provide some indication that contamination is coming from other upstream sources too. It will be interesting to see how much.<br />
<br />
<u><b>References/bibliography</b></u><br />
<br />
*Ashley, P. & Graham, B. 2001. <i>Heavy metal loadings of streams in
the Macley River catchment</i>. Report to the Mid North Coast Catchment
Management Board, NSW Department of Mineral Resouces & Armidale
Dumaresq Council.<br />
*Craw, D., Wilson, N. & Ashley, P.M. 2004.
<i>Geochemical controls on the environmental mobility of Sb and As at
mesothermal antimony and gold deposits</i>. Applied Earth Sciences
(Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy) vol 133 B3.<br />
*Kent, A.J.R. (1994) <i>Geochronology and geochemistry of Palaeozoic intrusive rocks in the Rockvale region, southern New England Orogen, New South Wales</i>. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 14:4<br />
*McClatchie & Sylvester. 1970. <i>The Tulloch Silver mine</i>. Records of the Geological Survey of New South Wales. Vol 12, part 1.<br />
<br />
<br />Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com7Tulloch Rd, Lyndhurst NSW 2350, Australia-30.390571702296587 151.99233055114746-30.393995702296586 151.98728805114746 -30.387147702296588 151.99737305114746tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-32257022539803073032017-03-09T17:36:00.002+11:002017-03-09T17:36:56.567+11:00Where you are: GDA2020 on the wayAustralia's main datum for mapping and locating points on the australian continent is changing. You can occasionally find old maps using AGD66 in some shops, these are out of date. In 2000 GDA94 was adopted and now it too is changing. GDA2020 is here! Have no idea what I'm talking about?<br />
<br />
Here is a good video that explains the change:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://vimeo.com/191566518">https://vimeo.com/191566518</a><br />
<br />
While I'm on spatial data... why not increase the accuracy of your GPS? Many new GPS units have a WAAS option. Enable this and you will have greater accuracy in all three spatial dimensions. Of course it only works when certain satellites are visible to your GPS, in northern Australia it will detect the Indian and Japanese satellite systems but in Victoria and Tasmania you may find it harder to find a satellite that has WAAS type capabilities.<br />
<br />
Want to know more about WAAS:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeIEs9l9aws">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeIEs9l9aws</a>Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-35795917374422622402017-01-28T18:26:00.001+11:002017-01-28T18:26:50.859+11:00Stunning in Red and WhiteA friend and colleague showed me his new lifestyle property on the edge of Armidale a couple of weeks ago. He is an observant soil scientist and noted that his land consisted of poor quality soils which grew only resilient grasses and some typical New England gum, stringy-bark and box woodland. He was curious about the rocks that were common on the surface of the dusty grey-brown soil. I was not surprised of the poor soils because the property is located on a geological unit called the Sandon Beds.<br />
<br />
The Sandon Beds are common in the Armidale district, especially just to the north of the town. They were laid down sometime during the Devonian to Carboniferous periods. The rocks of the Sandon Beds are varied and include mudstones, conglomerates, volcanics and bio-chemical sedimentary rocks. The deposition of the unit was in the ocean debris flows from the continental shelf would form turbidites (coarse to fine grained repeating sequences), layers of fine mud would accumulate and occasional basalt volcanic rocks would occur. Sometimes, while a long distance from landmasses or spreading ridges very little would happen - only the gentle settling of dead primitive ocean organisms with silica skeletons.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00NNx0WbbDi1D90sE8oQX2UB-0lbmlZry7t_8eRKWhMxpcZtGaxbEtUVxx3QRKOmVmdIPnGpOEv4NZ1N5U2_zJNAt9j8AM0wFADa1eSFb5KOX7-0HLfI9KCKPzf_3IPDELWFXje8Iyso/s1600/32217981551_110cffdacb_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00NNx0WbbDi1D90sE8oQX2UB-0lbmlZry7t_8eRKWhMxpcZtGaxbEtUVxx3QRKOmVmdIPnGpOEv4NZ1N5U2_zJNAt9j8AM0wFADa1eSFb5KOX7-0HLfI9KCKPzf_3IPDELWFXje8Iyso/s400/32217981551_110cffdacb_o.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brecciated Jasper (chert) of the Sandon Beds</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The settling of silica on the sea bed produces a rock called chert. It is common in the Sandon Beds with a red colour. The chert occurs in beds interspersed with dull mudstones, siltstones and the like. Possibly because of regional scale metamorphism or the effect of fluids in the rock the chert has been affected and displays its red colour. Because of the red colour it is often referred to as Jasper which is seen by some as a semi-precious stone. <br />
<br />
Throughout my friend's property could be traced lines of chert running essentially north-south. This is because the beds have been tilted to a nearly vertical direction. There was nothing out of the ordinary with these beds but in one area some of the red chert caught my eye. I could not see the actual outcrop but scattered around one little area was red chert with bright white quartz veins. The chert had been broken apart and re-cemented together with the quartz rich fluid. The result was quite striking, a stunning red and white. In this one little area, at some time after the chert had formed and turned into hard rock it had been blasted apart apparently by hot fluids. A 'brecciated jasper' occurring in a little area that just happened to be on a friends new property just ready to be discovered.Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com0Armidale NSW 2350, Australia-30.468107539704885 151.64395794679876-30.471529039704887 151.63891544679876 -30.464686039704883 151.64900044679877tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-70075659768712180582017-01-16T14:55:00.002+11:002017-01-16T14:56:15.721+11:00Blog Update #11 - More rocks in our regionNot a lot to mention as far as the blog goes at this point, except that I've added photographs of three more stratigraphic units to the <a href="http://nrgeology.blogspot.com.au/p/rocks-of-region.html" target="_blank">Rocks of the Region page</a>. These are three of the many 'granites' in the Armidale district:<br />
<br />
Gara Monzogranite --- <a href="https://www.flickr.com/gp/141281163@N05/f2032K" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2187bb;">Fickr Photos</span></a> --- <a href="http://dbforms.ga.gov.au/pls/www/geodx.strat_units.sch_full?wher=stratno=41058" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2187bb;">Stratigraphic Names Database</span></a><br />
Glenburnie Leucomonzogranite --- <a href="https://flic.kr/s/aHskQDFfRQ" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2187bb;">Flickr Photos</span></a> --- <a href="http://dbforms.ga.gov.au/pls/www/geodx.strat_units.sch_full?wher=stratno=41059" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2187bb;">Stratigraphic Names Database</span></a>; and<br />
Rockvale Monzogranite --- <a href="https://flic.kr/s/aHskLPvwom" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2187bb;">Flickr Photos</span></a> --- <a href="http://dbforms.ga.gov.au/pls/www/geodx.strat_units.sch_full?wher=stratno=76965" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2187bb;">Stratigraphic Names Database</span></a><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N9NxhO645j8/WHxDjr9dYvI/AAAAAAAABHE/Exfum76inzcjaYHTo5Og0e1EOHzc2cqQQCLcB/s1600/32141198521_67c0787022_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N9NxhO645j8/WHxDjr9dYvI/AAAAAAAABHE/Exfum76inzcjaYHTo5Og0e1EOHzc2cqQQCLcB/s400/32141198521_67c0787022_o.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Typical landscape and outcrop characteristics of the Rockvale Monzogranite, Wollomombi area</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
On another note, while visiting a friends property near Armidale I observed a brecciated jasper in the Sandon Beds. I was aware of an abundance of jasper beds (red chert) in the region ever since my university days, however, I'd never seen a brecciated type and this was quite attractive. More to come in a week or so.Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-11103882898445842502016-12-17T12:37:00.001+11:002016-12-17T12:39:10.488+11:00Blog Update #10 - Pain and a paper<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vbsJtfI6tdo/WFSWidFAh8I/AAAAAAAABGs/aQ8p2hXStZEjRVBBC9LXb1N7UhCA4U-ngCLcB/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vbsJtfI6tdo/WFSWidFAh8I/AAAAAAAABGs/aQ8p2hXStZEjRVBBC9LXb1N7UhCA4U-ngCLcB/s200/Untitled.png" width="191" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eleanor Faith Holland</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The blog has been on hold for a while. But I have always intended to keep on writing. There has been some major changes in where I live and work and most recently our lovely 6 year old daughter Eleanor passed away. There has been much pain but there is much celebration too for our special girl. My wife Becky and I are in feelings of loss. That said, we want to celebrate the life of our daughter who demonstrated so much strength in so many ways. A service will be held at St Peter’s Cathedral in Armidale at 2pm on Monday (19th December).<br />
<div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJV96watRdb3s2-pwO4PMguWBUDKXiGrj927SAgoyA6HH0Ve0I85A1hF-8ZPbx89Mophrbjsnw8yFoG_O_aDqJ7iPql311EO_vqZpqpDYY4-wKTvlEhHPLYxy1mF7C0D_E3liW1_uAfjk/s1600/1-s2_0-S004896971632647X-fx1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJV96watRdb3s2-pwO4PMguWBUDKXiGrj927SAgoyA6HH0Ve0I85A1hF-8ZPbx89Mophrbjsnw8yFoG_O_aDqJ7iPql311EO_vqZpqpDYY4-wKTvlEhHPLYxy1mF7C0D_E3liW1_uAfjk/s320/1-s2_0-S004896971632647X-fx1.jpg" title="" width="320" /></a></div>
Coming to Christmas it is a subdued feeling at our home and my birthday was yesterday as well so I didn’t feel like celebrating. However, there was something I was excited to see. A confirmation that a paper that I was a co-author of has been accepted to the journal Science of the Total Environment (Santos et al 2016). I was only a minor co-author but there is something about having your name up there that caters for ones ego.<br />
<br />
The highlights of the article are:<br />
<ul>
<li>We assess groundwater recharge through a pervasive layer of floodplain muds.</li>
<li>Modelled groundwater flow paths were consistent with tritium dating.</li>
<li>The clay layer did not prevent recharge because of macropores and cracks.</li>
<li>Fine-grained floodplain soils do not necessarily protect underlying aquifers from pollution.</li>
<li>Combining multiple techniques gives more confidence in recharge estimates.</li>
</ul>
The article can be found here:<br />
<div>
</div>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.181" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.181</a><br />
<br />
References<br />
<br />
*Santos, I.R., Zhang, C., Maher, D.T., Atkins, M. L. Holland, R. Morgenstern, U & Li, Ling. 2016. <em>Assessing the Recharge of a Coastal Aquifer using Physical Observations, Tritium, Groundwater Chemistry and Modelling</em>, Science of The Total Environment, Available online 15 December 2016, ISSN 0048-9697, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.181.Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com2Woodburn NSW 2472, Australia-29.080282130646633 153.3639650355326-29.083751130646633 153.3589225355326 -29.076813130646634 153.3690075355326tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-45720166149819703262016-10-24T14:52:00.001+11:002016-12-17T12:41:10.461+11:00Blog Update #9Frequent readers may have observed that I have not updated this blog for some time. Due to changes in my personal arrangements I have run out of spare time! My computer has also died! I have therefore had to put this blog on hold until I can find some more time and purchase a new computer. I envisage this will probably be late December. Until then, there may be an isolated post or two but I can't promise anything. Sorry all.<br />
<br />
I have had some opportunity to update the <a href="http://nrgeology.blogspot.com.au/p/rocks-of-region.html" target="_blank">rocks of the region page</a>.Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-3056153588093510342016-08-21T21:18:00.000+10:002016-08-21T21:18:42.127+10:00Cutting Through Mysterious Granite on a Country HighwayAustralia is known for its remoteness. There are some quite remote areas in the Northern Rivers too. Along the escarpment there are rugged areas and visitors are rare. This means that sometimes rocks even though mapped broadly have geological units that have not been researched enough to relate them to surrounding units. It is a rare thing though, and rarely have rock units not been named, and categorised, even rarer is when a rock is found by the side of one of the national highways!<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1cwFS_gk8Pw/V7mJuzs5cPI/AAAAAAAABFQ/myCBb0q64fMgE2kilTevgD0ZaE9bFwpGACLcB/s1600/28183895890_52ace77789_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1cwFS_gk8Pw/V7mJuzs5cPI/AAAAAAAABFQ/myCBb0q64fMgE2kilTevgD0ZaE9bFwpGACLcB/s400/28183895890_52ace77789_o.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">un-categorized granite on the New England Highway, Glencoe</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The picture shows a granite that is currently mapped as "unassigned Permian intrusive - felsic". There may have been some investigations here in the past. I just can't believe some place so obvious like this one has not been investigated in detail.Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com0Glencoe NSW 2365, Australia-29.8946432206844 151.73453807830811-29.898084720684402 151.7294955783081 -29.8912017206844 151.73958057830811tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-65934278106775554032016-07-25T21:34:00.003+10:002016-07-25T21:34:46.900+10:00Blog Update #8The <a href="http://nrgeology.blogspot.com.au/p/rocks-of-region.html" target="_blank">Rocks of the Region page</a> has been a big success and will continue to be expanded on. Unfortunately I've had very little time to do some actual blog posts recently. This is not for want of material (there is a huge range of topics and places just asking to be covered) but due to a change in my work commitments. I have taken up a new job with much longer days and therefore my free time is very limited. I have also relocated away from Lismore to Armidale and taken my family with me. We are still very much settling in.<br />
<br />
Thank you to all the readers out there. I hope that I can continue to build a blog that is a good resource for the community to use. I guess there are people still reading this blog since there are more than 150 000 page views!<br />
<br />
Coming up soon... what is going on with this rock? <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6qMWOQeXh94/V5X5IiwpZzI/AAAAAAAABE4/9_DAIxxHJBITIWd9vbRCToy173Za6L81ACLcB/s1600/RockyRiverRoad%2B%252830%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6qMWOQeXh94/V5X5IiwpZzI/AAAAAAAABE4/9_DAIxxHJBITIWd9vbRCToy173Za6L81ACLcB/s640/RockyRiverRoad%2B%252830%2529.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coming up</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5388608827926699865.post-17061272152011503962016-07-06T13:25:00.000+10:002016-07-06T13:33:05.267+10:00Geology of the Big Scrub Rainforest (Part 4)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<br />
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tasman Sea to the Alstonville Plateau</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Following the
Cretaceous during the Paleogene and possibly as a result of the action of the
Tasman Sea formation, volcanic systems began to form throughout parts of
eastern Australia. In the New England, the Hunter and Sydney areas swiftly flowing lavas
erupted from long vents and covered large areas with basalt. The same
thing happened in our region and until now it is one of the relatively unknown
parts of our history. At <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>around 43Ma during the Eocene
Epoch basalt lava flowed from vents somewhere in the area now known as the
Alstonville Plateau (The area between Lismore to Lennox Head). The lava flow
(called the Alstonville Basalt) tended to flow towards the North and West
because the hills of the Blackhall Range formed a barrier to the South. The old
Wilsons River seems to have been deflected from its southerly course and sent
inland to join the Richmond River as lava flows dammed off the rivers original
course. Small lakes were formed where the lava flows dammed streams and created
little areas of sedimentary rock known as diatomite and even poor quality opal.
It is interesting to note that during the 20<sup>th</sup> century diatomite was
even been mined for use as a filter medium from layers between basalt at
Tintenbar and Wyrallah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Layers of diatomite
were subsequently covered by new layers of lava and during the time between
lava flows rich red soils developed and were subsequently covered by new lava. The
rate of soil formation was high during this time because the world climate was
the warmest (more than 10 degrees C hotter than the average today) it had been
for 400 million years and be when combined with atmospheric moisture this time
was known as the Mid-Eocene Climate Optimum. The lava covered soils (known as
paleosols) are important today because they are conduits for groundwater (aquifers)
which create long lasting springs resulting continually running streams and
ecosystems dependent upon them. The aquifers are also drilled into for
groundwater for some of the livestock, irrigation and town water supply on the
Alstonville Plateau today. Eventually, the eruptions stopped and lovely fertile
deep red soils developed and continue to develop today.</span></div>
Rodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10962789743908134314noreply@blogger.com1